Nom du candidat | Institution | Programme | Titre | Durée | Montant accordé |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adler, Marc Département Chemistry and Biology |
Toronto Metropolitan University | RGPIN | Practical and Powerful Synthetic Organic Methods Using Silanes | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Ariya, Parisa Département Chemistry |
Université McGill | RGPIN | Advancing Atmospheric Heterogeneous (Photo)chemistry and Microphysics in the age of Emerging Nanoparticles and Climate Change | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Aspuru-Guzik, Alán Département Chemistry (St. George Campus) |
University of Toronto | RGPIN | Compact Wave Functions for Classical and Quantum Computers | 5 | 94 000,00 $ |
Barriault, Louis Département Chemistry |
Université d'Ottawa | RGPIN | New Directions in Photoredox Gold Catalysis and Total Synthesis | 5 | 94 000,00 $ |
Berezovski, Maxim Département Chemistry |
Université d'Ottawa | RGPIN | Aptamers for Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Bertin, Erwan Département Chemistry |
St. Francis Xavier University | RGPIN | Exploring Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquids as a New Synthetic Path Toward Electrocatalysts | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Bieringer, Mario Département Chemistry |
Université du Manitoba | RGPIN | Understanding Inorganic Solid State Reactivity for the Design of Functional Materials | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Biron, Eric Département Pharmacie, Faculté de |
Université Laval | RGPIN | New approaches for the design and synthesis of heterocyclic and macrocyclic bioactive peptidomimetics | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Blacquiere, Johanna Département Chemistry |
The University of Western Ontario | RGPIN | Structurally- and Proton-Responsive Ligands for Sustainable Catalysis | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
Blum, Amy Département Chemistry |
Université McGill | RGPIN | Self assembly of nanostructured materials | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Boeré, René Département Chemistry and Biochemistry |
University of Lethbridge | RGPIN | Molecular Electrochemistry as Enabling Technology in Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Boukouvalas, John Département Chimie |
Université Laval | RGPIN | Natural Product Synthesis and Development of Synthesis-Enabling Methodologies | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Britz-McKibbin, Philip Département Chemistry & Chemical Biology |
McMaster University | RGPIN | New Advances in Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry for Accelerating Biomarker Discovery in Metabolomics | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Brolo, Alexandre Département Chemistry |
University of Victoria | RGPIN | Intensity Fluctuations in Single Molecule Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering | 5 | 79 000,00 $ |
Brown, Alexander Département Chemistry |
University of Alberta | RGPIN | Photophysical properties of molecules: From biological imaging to new materials | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
Brumer, Paul Département Chemistry (St. George Campus) |
University of Toronto | RGPIN | Quantum Mechanics and Dynamics of Open Polyatomic Systems | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Bryce, David Département Chemistry |
Université d'Ottawa | RGPIN | Solid-State NMR Studies of Non-Covalent Interactions. Structure and Dynamics. | 5 | 105 000,00 $ |
Cairo, Christopher Département Chemistry |
University of Alberta | RGPIN | Chemical strategies to investigate sialic acid processing enzymes | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
Capicciotti, Chantelle Département Chemistry |
Queen's University | RGPIN | Chemical Biology Tools for Probing and Discovering Glycan-Protein Interactions | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Castagner, Bastien Département Pharmacology and Therapeutics |
Université McGill | RGPIN | Synthesis and chemical biology of inositol phosphate analogues with tuned physicochemical properties | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Chen, David Département Chemistry |
The University of British Columbia | RGPIN | Enabling technologies for high performance mass spectrometry applications | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
Chen, Jennifer Département Chemistry |
Université York | RGPIN | Development of closely-coupled nanostructures for advanced sensing and imaging | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
Chen, Leanne Département Chemistry |
University of Guelph | RGPIN | Developing an atomic-scale computational framework to gain insights about the electrochemical double-layer for applications to renewable energy | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Chou, Leo Département Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Inst. of (IBBME) |
University of Toronto | RGPIN | Spatial and topological control of receptor signaling using DNA nanotechnology | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Cibian, Mihaela Département Chimie, biochimie et physique |
Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières | RGPIN | Smart Compounds, Systems and Research Methods in Artificial Photosynthesis | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Collins, Shawn Département Chimie |
Université de Montréal | RGPIN | Novel Catalysis for Macrocyclization Processes | 5 | 79 000,00 $ |
Dawe, Louise Département Chemistry |
Wilfrid Laurier University | RGPIN | Coordination Chemistry Using Strategic Design of Ligands: Fundamental Explorations and Applications | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
De Baerdemacker, Stijn Département Chemistry |
Université du Nouveau-Brunswick | RGPIN | Strong electron correlations in quantum chemistry: new approaches from machine learning, quantum computing and time-dependent quantum control | 5 | 34 000,00 $ |
Dhirani, Al-Amin Département Chemistry (St. George Campus) |
University of Toronto | RGPIN | Opto/electronic studies and applications of nano-engineered 2-dimensional materials | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Dollé, Mickael Département Chimie |
Université de Montréal | RGPIN | Sustainable aqueous Sodium-ion batteries | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Drover, Marcus Département Chemistry and Biochemistry |
University of Windsor | RGPIN | New Technologies for Sustainable Chemistry: An Organometallic Future in Clean Energy | 5 | 34 000,00 $ |
Easton, E. Bradley Département Science, Faculty of |
University of Ontario Institute of Technology | RGPIN | Doped metal oxide electrocatalyst supports with enhanced conductivity | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
El-Aneed, Anas Département Pharmacy and Nutrition, College of |
University of Saskatchewan | RGPIN | New surface-modified nanoparticles as matrices to enhance mass spectrometric analysis of substance of abuse by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Emslie, David Département Chemistry & Chemical Biology |
McMaster University | RGPIN | Reactive Organometallic Complexes and Ligand Design for Catalysis, Actinide Complexation, and Thin Film Deposition | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Forgione, Pat Département Chemistry and Biochemistry |
Université Concordia | RGPIN | Development of Decarboxylative and Desulfinative Cross-Coupling Strategies Towards Drug-Discovery, Materials and Biomass-Derived Platform Chemicals | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Fryzuk, Michael Département Chemistry |
The University of British Columbia | RGPIN | Discovery of New Catalysts for Functionalization of Molecular Nitrogen | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Gates, Byron Département Chemistry |
Simon Fraser University | RGPIN | Tuning the Surface Chemistry of Structured Materials for Enhanced Performance | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
Gates, Derek Département Chemistry |
The University of British Columbia | RGPIN | Synthetic Phosphorus Chemistry: The Systematic Development of Phosphorus-Containing Molecules and Polymers | 5 | 79 000,00 $ |
Gauthier, Mario Département Chemistry |
University of Waterloo | RGPIN | Synthesis and characterization of arborescent (dendrigraft) polymers | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Geyer, Clarence Département Pathology and Lab Medicine |
University of Saskatchewan | RGPIN | Design of synthetic recombinant antibody devices for applications in molecular targeted imaging | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Gibbs, Julianne Département Chemistry |
University of Alberta | RGPIN | DNA Amplification Beyond Biology: Achieving Self-Replication in Nano-Assemblies and Prebiotic Model Systems | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
Giorgi, Javier Département Chemistry |
Université d'Ottawa | RGPIN | Sulfide catalysts for biomass valorization and environmental remediation: Interactions of complex organic molecules on well-defined sulfide surfaces | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Greener, Jesse Département Chimie |
Université Laval | RGPIN | Bacterial biofilms as sustainable catalytic materials studied in customized microfluidic bioanalytical flow-cells | 5 | 79 000,00 $ |
Grosvenor, Andrew Département Chemistry |
University of Saskatchewan | RGPIN | The development of solid-state materials for the sequestration of nuclear waste | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
Gsponer, Joerg Département Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |
The University of British Columbia | RGPIN | Designing interactions mediated by disordered protein regions | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
Guindon, Yvan Département Chimie |
Université de Montréal | RGPIN | Reaction Mechanisms and Methodology for the Design and Synthesis of Bioactive Agents. | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Hanna, Gabriel Département Chemistry |
University of Alberta | RGPIN | Mixed Quantum-Classical Dynamics of Quantum Energy Transfer Processes | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Hayes, Patrick Département Chimie |
Université de Montréal | RGPIN | Atmospheric measurements and modeling studies to improve understanding of organic and mineral dust aerosols in northern Canada | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Hayes, Paul Département Chemistry and Biochemistry |
University of Lethbridge | RGPIN | Developing New Reactions and Catalysis via Designer Ligands for Organometallic Chemistry | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Heidar Zadeh, Farnaz Département Chemistry |
Queen's University | RGPIN | Theoretical Chemical Design with Machine Learning: Model Development and Applications | 5 | 34 000,00 $ |
Hitchcock, Adam Département Chemistry & Chemical Biology |
McMaster University | RGPIN | Advancing Soft X-ray Spectromicroscopy | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Hore, Dennis Département Chemistry |
University of Victoria | RGPIN | Nonlinear Vibrational Probes of Structure at Charged Polymer-Aqueous Interfaces | 5 | 79 000,00 $ |
Howe, Graeme Département Chemistry |
Queen's University | RGPIN | Tracing enzyme mechanisms across evolution to elucidate the origins of enzymatic catalysis | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Huan, Tao Département Chemistry |
The University of British Columbia | RGPIN | Development of analytical and bioinformatic tools for mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Jakeman, David Département Pharmacy, College of |
Dalhousie | RGPIN | Carbohydrates, enzymes and natural products | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Jobst, Karl Département Chemistry |
Memorial University of Newfoundland | RGPIN | Sequencing the exposome: developing an integrated approach using nontargeted mass spectrometry and computational chemistry | 5 | 41 000,00 $ |
Jockusch, Rebecca Département Chemistry (St. George Campus) |
University of Toronto | RGPIN | Enabling Technologies to Characterize Biomolecules and Fluorophores in Controlled Micro-environments using Mass Spectrometry | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Kerman, Kagan Département Physical & Environmental Sciences (Scarborough) |
University of Toronto | RGPIN | Bioelectrochemistry at nanocomposite-modified interfaces and surfaces | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Kinrade, Stephen Département Chemistry |
Lakehead University | RGPIN | Aqueous chemistry and biochemistry of silicon | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Kleinke, Holger Département Chemistry |
University of Waterloo | RGPIN | Solid State Chemistry: from Thermoelectric to Nonlinear Optical Materials | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Kluger, Ronald Département Chemistry (St. George Campus) |
University of Toronto | RGPIN | Bioorganic Reactivity: Patterns, Principles and Applications | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
Krems, Roman Département Chemistry |
The University of British Columbia | RGPIN | A hybrid approach to quantum dynamics based on the integration of quantum calculations and machine learning | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Krol, Edward Département Pharmacy and Nutrition, College of |
University of Saskatchewan | RGPIN | Toxicity and biological activity of natural products | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Lagugné-Labarthet, François Département Chemistry |
The University of Western Ontario | RGPIN | Plasmonic metamaterials: enabling new routes for localized surface chemistry. | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Lautens, Mark Département Chemistry (St. George Campus) |
University of Toronto | RGPIN | Improving Efficiency in Organic Synthesis via Metal and Multimetal Catalysis | 5 | 121 000,00 $ |
Li, Chao-Jun Département Chemistry |
Université McGill | RGPIN | Exploration of New Reactivities for Sustainable Chemical Syntheses | 5 | 79 000,00 $ |
Li, Hongbin Département Chemistry |
The University of British Columbia | RGPIN | Protein Mechanics and Engineering at the Single Molecule Level | 5 | 79 000,00 $ |
Li, Yingfu Département Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences |
McMaster University | RGPIN | Expanding biosensing systems through synthetic functional deoxyribonucleic acids | 5 | 105 000,00 $ |
Liu, Juewen Département Chemistry |
University of Waterloo | RGPIN | Competing ligand assisted aptamers and DNAzymes for nanomaterials | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Liu, Lijia Département Chemistry |
The University of Western Ontario | RGPIN | Characterization of Light-Emitting Inorganic Nanomaterials using Synchrotron Radiation Spectroscopy | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Luedtke, Nathan Département Chemistry |
Université McGill | RGPIN | Chemical Methods for Illuminating Cellular DNA | 5 | 79 000,00 $ |
Ma, Dongling Département Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Centre |
Institut national de la recherche scientifique | RGPIN | Advanced functional nanomaterials for photocatalysis | 5 | 79 000,00 $ |
Maly, Kenneth Département Chemistry |
Wilfrid Laurier University | RGPIN | Synthesis and Self-Assembly of New Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Mansy, Sheref Département Chemistry |
University of Alberta | RGPIN | Cell-free synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters for artificial cells | 5 | 94 000,00 $ |
Manzhos, Sergei Département Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Centre |
Institut national de la recherche scientifique | RGPIN | COMPUTATIONAL MODELING AND DESIGN OF MATERIALS FOR ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE & NEXT GENERATION METHODS | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Martic, Sanela Département Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program |
Trent University | RGPIN | Exploring the solution and surface chemistry of peptides and proteins | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Masuda, Jason Département Chemistry |
Saint Mary's | RGPIN | Stabilization of Unique Chemical Bonding Environments and Exploration of Small Molecule Reactivity | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Mauzeroll, Janine Département Chemistry |
Université McGill | RGPIN | Investigating Electrochemistry in Confined Volumes | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Menard, Frederic Département Okanagan |
The University of British Columbia | RGPIN | Design of molecular tools to study protein dynamics in living cells | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Momose, Takamasa Département Chemistry |
The University of British Columbia | RGPIN | Spectroscopy and dynamics of cold and ultracold molecules | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Narain, Ravin Département Chemical and Materials Engineering |
University of Alberta | RGPIN | Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Nazar, Linda Département Chemistry |
University of Waterloo | RGPIN | Solid State Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials | 5 | 105 000,00 $ |
Newman, Stephen Département Chemistry |
Université d'Ottawa | RGPIN | Catalytic activation of oxygen-containing functional groups | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
O'Flaherty, Derek Département Chemistry |
University of Guelph | RGPIN | Development of functional and responsive nucleic acid systems for applications in biotechnology | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Pai, Emil Département Biochemistry (St. George Campus) |
University of Toronto | RGPIN | Time-resolved crystallography of enzyme-catalyzed reactions | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
Paquin, Jean-François Département Chimie |
Université Laval | RGPIN | Organofluorine Chemistry: From New Synthetic Methods to New Reactivity | 5 | 94 000,00 $ |
Pellerin, Christian Département Chimie |
Université de Montréal | RGPIN | Finding Order in Chaos: Vibrational Spectroscopy Study of Oriented Soft Materials | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
Perrin, David Département Chemistry |
The University of British Columbia | RGPIN | New Molecules, Methods, and Platforms at the Interface of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology | 5 | 94 000,00 $ |
Plettner, Erika Département Chemistry |
Simon Fraser University | RGPIN | Structure-Function of Insect Odorant-Binding Proteins and a Bacterial Cytochrome P450: Discovery of Mechanisms and Applications | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Preuss, Kathryn Département Chemistry |
University of Guelph | RGPIN | Molecule-based Materials with Technologically Relevant Properties | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Radovanovic, Pavle Département Chemistry |
University of Waterloo | RGPIN | Functional Property Correlations in Reduced Dimensions | 5 | 79 000,00 $ |
Rawson, Jeremy Département Chemistry and Biochemistry |
University of Windsor | RGPIN | Magnetic, electronic and optical properties of multifunctional main group radicals | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Saidaminov, Makhsud Département Chemistry |
University of Victoria | RGPIN | Novel organic-inorganic perovskites for durable solar cells, sensitive X-ray sensors, and color e-ink displays | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Sammis, Glenn Département Chemistry |
The University of British Columbia | RGPIN | New Radical and Fluorination Methods for the Syntheses of Pharmaceuticals | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Saravanamuttu, Kalaichelvi Département Chemistry & Chemical Biology |
McMaster University | RGPIN | Photochemically-driven stimuli-responsive systems: from materials that compute with light to bio-inspired waveguide lattices | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
Schuurman, Michael Département Chemistry |
Université d'Ottawa | RGPIN | Computational Ultrafast X-ray Science | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Schwan, Adrian Département Chemistry |
University of Guelph | RGPIN | Explorations in Organosulfur Chemistry | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Sciaini, Germán Département Chemistry |
University of Waterloo | RGPIN | The Ultrafast electron Imaging Lab of Waterloo | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Scott, Robert Département Chemistry |
University of Saskatchewan | RGPIN | Design and in situ Characterization of High-Surface Area Metallic and Bimetallic Nanoscale Catalysts | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
Serpe, Michael Département Chemistry |
University of Alberta | RGPIN | Chemically Diverse Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for Myriad Applications | 5 | 79 000,00 $ |
Shankar, Karthik Département Electrical and Computer Engineering |
University of Alberta | RGPIN | Exploiting Plasmonic and Plexcitonic Nanomaterials in Industrial Catalysis | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
She, Zhe Département Chemistry |
Queen's University | RGPIN | Probing molecular interactions on soft surfaces by scanning probe microscopy | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Siu, K.W. Michael Département Chemistry and Biochemistry |
University of Windsor | RGPIN | Analytical Chemistry of Proteins and Peptides | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Skene, William Département Chimie |
Université de Montréal | RGPIN | Reversible covalent chemistry for property modification of conjugated materials | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Smith, Jeffrey Département Chemistry |
Carleton University | RGPIN | Novel methods and applications in quantitative mass spectrometry-based biomolecule analysis | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Snieckus, Victor Département Chemistry |
Queen's University | RGPIN | Strategies and Methods for the Synthesis of Aromatic Molecules | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Song, Yang Département Chemistry |
The University of Western Ontario | RGPIN | Enabling and advancing novel functional materials under extreme conditions for energy applications | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Staroverov, Viktor Département Chemistry |
The University of Western Ontario | RGPIN | Development and Application of Nonempirical Density-Functional Methods | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Stephan, Douglas Département Chemistry (St. George Campus) |
University of Toronto | RGPIN | FLPs and Main Group Catalysis | 5 | 105 000,00 $ |
Stillman, Martin Département Chemistry |
The University of Western Ontario | RGPIN | Bioinorganic chemistry of metalloproteins and tetrapyrroles | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Svishchev, Igor Département Chemistry |
Trent University | RGPIN | Physics, Chemistry and Technology of Supercritical Water | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Tam, William Département Chemistry |
University of Guelph | RGPIN | Acid- and Metal-Catalyzed Organic Reactions | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Tieleman, Peter Département Biological Sciences |
University of Calgary | RGPIN | Computer simulations of lipids | 5 | 105 000,00 $ |
Tsantrizos, Youla Département Chemistry |
Université McGill | RGPIN | Engineering Phosphorus-Containing Molecules as Leads for Medicinal Chemistry and as Tools for Asymmetric Synthesis | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Urquhart, Stephen Département Chemistry |
University of Saskatchewan | RGPIN | Spectroscopy and Spectro-ptychography of Ordered and Disordered Materials | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Vallée-Bélisle, Alexis Département Chimie |
Université de Montréal | RGPIN | Programmable DNA-based switches and nanomachines for sensing and drug delivery applications | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
VandenBoer, Trevor Département Chemistry |
Université York | RGPIN | Formation and exchange of nitrous acid at atmospheric interfaces: Understanding a critical reactive air quality intermediate | 5 | 29 000,00 $ |
Vederas, John Département Chemistry |
University of Alberta | RGPIN | Mechanisms of Polyketide, Amino Acid and Polypeptide Biosynthesis | 5 | 105 000,00 $ |
Veinot, Jonathan Département Chemistry |
University of Alberta | RGPIN | Group 14 nanomaterials in all dimensions: Synthesis, Fundamental Understanding and Practical Application. | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |
Vocadlo, David Département Chemistry |
Simon Fraser University | RGPIN | Chemical tools for studying carbohydrates and carbohydrate processing enzymes | 5 | 105 000,00 $ |
Vukotic, Vedran Département Chemistry and Biochemistry |
University of Windsor | RGPIN | Metal-organic Frameworks as Controlled Release Materials | 5 | 34 000,00 $ |
Wania, Frank Département Physical & Environmental Sciences (Scarborough) |
University of Toronto | RGPIN | A chemical thermodynamics-based approach to quantifying contaminant exposure | 5 | 79 000,00 $ |
Warren, Jeffrey Département Chemistry |
Simon Fraser University | RGPIN | Moving electrons in electrocatalysts and through metalloproteins | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Wong, Jenny Département Chemistry & Biochemistry |
Mount Allison University | RGPIN | Sources and Impacts of Water-Soluble Iron in Atmospheric Aerosol | 5 | 24 000,00 $ |
Wuest, James Département Chimie |
Université de Montréal | RGPIN | Controlling Molecular Organization in Materials | 5 | 36 000,00 $ |
Yan, Hongbin Département Chemistry |
Brock University | RGPIN | Chemical modification, structural and functional study of nucleic acids | 5 | 48 000,00 $ |
Zamble, Deborah Département Chemistry (St. George Campus) |
University of Toronto | RGPIN | Mechanisms of Nickel-Responsive Proteins | 5 | 64 000,00 $ |